Zamanin Zinariya na Musulunci: Lokacin da Baghdad ya Kasance Cibiyar Ilimi

A karni na 9 na zamanin miladiyya, garin Baghdad ya kasance mafi girman garin duniya — ba kawai wajen yawan jama'a ba, amma wajen ilimi. Gidan Hikma, wanda aka gina a can, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma cibiyar bincike a tarihin ɗan adam.

Masana daga Iran, Iraq, Siriya, Masar, Indiya da China sukan hadu a can — suna karanta, fassara, tattauna, kuma suna ƙirƙira.

Wannan ba dama ba ne. An shimfida hanya ta koyarwa ta Alkur'ani da Hadisi.

Alkur'ani Ya Ƙarfafa Bincike

"Ashe ba su yi tafiya a ƙasa ba suka duba yadda ya kasance ƙarshen waɗanda suka gabata?" — Alkur'ani yana ce a Surar Yusuf.

"Lalle a cikin halittar sammai da ƙasa da canzawan dare da rana akwai alamu ga masu tunani." — Surar Al-Imran.

"Ka ce: Yi tafiya a ƙasa ku duba yadda Allah ya fara halitta." — Surar Al-Ankabut.

Waɗannan ayoyin ba tambayoyi masu ban sha'awa kawai ba ne. Su gayyatun aiki ne — duba, bincika, yi tunani. Malamai na farkon zamanin Musulunci sun ɗauki waɗannan gayyata da muhimmanci sosai.

Al-Khawarizmi: Uban Algebra

Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khawarizmi (780-850 CE) ya rubuta littafinsa "Al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala" — "Takaitaccen littafi game da lissafi ta Rushe da Kwatanta."

Wannan shi ne farkon littafin algebra. Kalmar "algebra" kanta ta fito daga "al-jabr" a cikin take.

Amma ya fi haka: Lokacin da aka fassara sunansa zuwa Latin — Algoritmi — daga shi ne kalmar "algorithm" ta fito. A kowace lokacin da kake amfani da algorithm a wayarka, a kwamputarka, a duk wata fasahar dijital — ka tuna sunansa.

Al-Khawarizmi ya kuma yi aiki tare da lambobin Larabci-Hindu (0, 1, 2, 3...) da ke maye gurbin tsarin Roman wanda ya hana rikitarwar lissafi. Sifili — "0" — ya canza komai.

Ibn al-Haytham: Uban Optics

Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040 CE), wanda Yamma ta san shi da Alhazen, ya yi bincike a cikin yadda ido ke gani.

A zamaninsa, ra'ayi na yau da kullum shi ne: Ido yana fitar da wuta ya lura da abubuwa. Ibn al-Haytham ya saba wa wannan ta hanyar gwaji: A'a, haske daga abubuwa yana shiga ido.

Amma mai muhimmanci fiye da wannan gano shi ne yadda ya isa gare shi: Gwaji. Lura. Gwaji kuma. Wannan hanyar kimiyya — wacce muke kira "scientific method" yau — ya kasance ƙirƙirar Ibn al-Haytham a hankali sosai.

"Masu neman gaskiya ba mutanen da suke amincewa da rubutun da suka tsufa ba ne — amma mutanen da suke tambaya, bincike, da gwaji."

Al-Kindi: Masanin Falsafa na Musulunci

Al-Kindi (801-873 CE) ya kasance masanin falsafa na farko na Larabci — kuma ya haɗa falsafar Girka da tunanin Musulunci.

Ya yi aiki a fagen lissafi, ilmin taurari, kiɗa, magani, da falsafa. Ya ce: "Ya kamata mu yi maraba da gaskiya daga ko'ina ta fito — ko da daga sauran al'ummomi."

Wannan ra'ayi na bude kofar ilimi ga dukan tushe ya kasance alama ta zamanin zinariya — ba kawai Musulunci ya koya daga wasu ba, amma ya ƙara kuma ya bada ga duniya.

Gidan Hikma: Cibiyar Bincike

Kalif Harun al-Rashid ya fara Gidan Hikma (Bayt al-Hikmah) a Baghdad, kuma ɗansa Al-Ma'mun ya fadada shi a karni na 9.

A can:

• An fassara littatafan Girka, Persian, da Sanskrit zuwa Larabci
• Masana daga ko'ina a duniya sun hadu domin tattauna
• An yi bincike a fagen magani, lissafi, taurari, falsafa

Wannan cibiyar ta ƙunshi ɗaruruwan masana a lokaci ɗaya — wanda ba a taɓa ganin irin sa a tarihin ɗan adam kafin wannan.

Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, da Sauransu

Jerin sunayen masana na zamanin zinariya yana da tsayi:

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) — ya rubuta "Littafin Warkarwa" wanda ya kasance rubutun magani a Turai har karni na 17.

Ibn Rushd (Averroes) — matakin falsafar Aristotle yana da muhimmancin da ya haifar da tasiri a Renaissance na Turai.

Al-Biruni — ya auna girman duniya da daidaituwa mai ban mamaki, ya bayyana cewa duniya tana zagayawa, ya yi bincike a kimiyyar ƙasa.

Al-Idrisi — ya ƙirƙira mafi daidaitaccen taswirar duniya na zamanin sa.

Darasi Game da Musulunci da Ilimi

Duk irin nisantar da wasu ake ganin tsakanin Musulunci da kimiyya — tarihi ya nuna bambanci. A lokacin da Turai ta kasance a "Dark Ages," mafi girman cibiyar ilimi a duniya ta kasance Baghdad.

Kuma wannan ba dama ba ne. Alkur'ani ya ce "Karanta da sunan Ubangijinka" — aya ta farko. Waɗannan masana sun ɗauki wannan aikin a matsayin ibada.

Tambayoyi don Tunani

• Me yasa tarihin masanan Musulunci ba a koyar da shi yadda ya kamata a makarantu da yawa?
• Zamanin zinariya ya faru lokacin da akwai tsarin bude kofar ilimi — me wannan ke koyarwa game da yadda ilimi ke bunƙasa?
• Idan Alkur'ani ya ƙarfafa bincike — ta yaya wannan ya shafi yadda Musulmi ya kamata ya kalli kimiyya ta zamani?